What does the term "storm surge" refer to?

Storm surge specifically refers to the rise in sea level caused by the effects of a storm, particularly tropical cyclones or hurricanes. This surge is primarily driven by strong winds that push water towards the shore, as well as the low atmospheric pressure associated with storms. When a storm makes landfall, this elevated water level can lead to coastal flooding and significant damage. Understanding storm surge is crucial for assessing the potential impact of severe weather events on coastal areas, allowing for better preparedness and response strategies.

The other options do not accurately reflect the definition of storm surge. A rapid increase in snowfall pertains to winter weather phenomena, while a decrease in temperature during storms does not relate to sea-level changes. A shift in wind direction during a storm might occur, but it does not describe the direct increase in sea level that characterizes storm surge.